Culture of Islamic Architecture and Urbanism

fa تأثیر مذهب شیعه و اهل سنّت بر شکل‌ گیری مقابر دورۀ ایلخانی The Impact of the Sunni and Shiite Doctrines on the Construction of Ilkhanid Tombs فرهنگ و سبك زندگي Culture & lifestyle پژوهشي Original Article قرون هفتم و هشتم هجری قمری ایران همراه بود با تغییرات مداوم مذهب که تأثیر آن در شاکلۀ کلّی بناهای آن دوران قابل رؤیت و بررسی است. در این دوران گرایش&rlm;‌های دوگانه در متن واحد اسلام از سوی مذهب شیعه و اهل سنّت موجب پدید آمدن دو گونه معماری آرامگاهی شد. این بناها را می‌&rlm;توان در مقام شاخص تأثیرپذیری معماری از اوضاع سیاسی- اجتماعی، اندیشه و مذهب حاکم بر جامعه در دورۀ زمانی مورد مطالعه قرار داد. دورۀ ایلخانی به این دلیل که هر دو مذهب شیعه و اهل سنّت به منظور بیان اندیشۀ خود و ترویج آن از قدرت حاکمیت برخوردار بودند و هم به سبب اینکه از هر دو مذهب آرامگاه&rlm;‌هایی به یادگار مانده، بسیار حائز اهمیت است. لذا در این پژوهش با مطالعۀ تعداد معتبری از مصادیق معماری آرامگاهی دورۀ ایلخانی، دو نمونه از مذهب شیعه و دو نمونه از مذهب اهل سنّت، دیدگاه و تجلی هر دو مذهب در این بناها بررسی می&rlm;‌شود. این تحقیق به روش استدلالی- توصیفی و با جمع&rlm;‌آوری منابع و اطلاعات به روش کتابخانه‌&rlm;ای و روش میدانی انجام شده است. پس از استخراج مبانی نظری و اعتقادی هر دو مذهب، نمود این مبانی در کالبد معماری مورد سنجش قرار می&rlm;‌گیرد. سؤالات این تحقیق عبارت است از: <ol> <li dir="RTL" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:60.55pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed;">رابطۀ مبانی نظری و اعتقادی هر دو مذهب اهل سنّت و شیعه با معماری آرامگاهی چگونه است؟</li> <li dir="RTL" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:60.55pt;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:embed;">تفاوت&rlm;‌ها و شباهت&rlm;‌های معماری آرامگاهی در این مذاهب کدام&rlm; است؟</li> </ol> جایگاه مقبره‌&rlm;سازی و توجه به شعائر اسلامی در هر دو اندیشه چگونه در معماری تجلی می&rlm;‌یابد؟ The history of Iranian architecture has changed in line with changes in religion, and rulers’ ethnic affiliations and lifestyles. After the arrival of Islam to Iran, two different faiths namely the Shiite and Sunni began to grow, each one periodically ruling over parts of the country. The many differences between the Shiite and Sunni intellectual and theoretical foundations are reflected in art and architecture of the two sects as well. The discrepancies are mainly rooted in the fundamental difference existing in their respective religious jurisprudence. Needless to say, religious sources do not make explicit mention of architectural orders. However, the differences can be recognized by examining buildings and their correspondence to the general principles of the given religion. Many researches have focused on such structures as mosques and others, but in this article, a comparison has been made between the positions of these two sects on death and related laws. In this article, the term “Iran” denotes the geographical area of the historical Greater Iran, which includes parts of modern-day Turkey, central Asia, Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Caspian littorals. It should also be noted that where Sufism is mentioned, its affiliation with Shiite and Sunni is also mentioned. The introduced buildings were also selected based on the availability of evidence and documents. One of the most important points in the design of religious buildings is the adherence to the religious principles and edicts insinuated in the structure of the religion, and construction of tombs and mausoleums is no exception. Islamic tombs must abide by the religious tenets at the same time that they venerate the buried deceased who deserves respect for religion or other grounds. Incessant vagaries of the 7th-8th A.H./13th-14 AD centuries in Iran were associated with changes in the state religion, and its impacts on architectural forms are obvious. The ideological differences between the Shitte and Sunni doctrines gave rise to two types of tomb architecture. Tombs, as it were, represented the eternal resting place of the deceased and a medium to communicate his and the society’s thoughts and beliefs. The structures can thus be studies as some benchmarks to measure to what extent the architecture was inspired by the socio-political, ideology and religion that dominated the society in a certain period. Individual affiliated with both Shiite and Sunni sects alternatively sized political power and always tried to use the opportunity to the best advantage to propagate their respective ideologies. The Ilkhanid period is particularly important both because the two sects possessed the required authority to express and promote their doctrines and we today have standing instances of mausoleums attributed to both sects. Therefore, here we study a representative sample of these religious constructions in an attempt to investigate the Shiite and Sunni positions on and the reflection of these positions in these structures. The major research questions are as follows: <ul> <li>What is the position of the theoretical and ideological foundations of the Shiite and Sunni doctrines on tomb architecture?</li> <li>What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the tomb architecture in the two sects?</li> <li>How were the status of tomb construction and observance of Islamic tenets reflected in tomb architectures of the two sects?</li> </ul> مقابر ایلخانی, مقابر شیعی, مقابر اهل سنّت, گونه‌ های آرامگاهی. Ilkhanid tombs, Shiite tombs, Sunni tombs, Tomb types. 83 95 http://ciauj-tabriziau.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-32-1&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Hashem Kheirjoo sadat هاشم خیرجو سادات 10031947532846003267 10031947532846003267 No Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Jundi Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه صنعتی جندی شاپور دزفول، دزفول، ایران Mohammad Feizi محمد فیضی 10031947532846003268 10031947532846003268 No Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Jundi Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه صنعتی جندی شاپور دزفول، دزفول، ایران Behzad Vasiq بهزاد وثیق behzad_vasiq@yahoo.com 10031947532846003269 10031947532846003269 Yes Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Jundi Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه صنعتی جندی شاپور دزفول، دزفول، ایران