The physical-spatial structure of Kermanshah has experienced ups and downs during the Safavid, Afsharid, and Zand dynasties. In the Qajar period, the city was equipped with new fortifications, while institutions and urban elements flourished, leading to the city’s development and expansion. Given the importance of this period in the growth and prosperity of Kermanshah, it is essential to provide a depiction of the city’s physical-spatial structure in order to better understand its identity. Accordingly, the present study analyzes the physical-spatial structure of Kermanshah during the Qajar era. The research is applied in nature and follows a descriptive and historical-analytical method. Information was collected through historical documents and field observations, and then compared and analyzed in a comparative manner. The findings indicate that during the early and mid-Qajar period, the city developed around the governmental citadel (Arg), the pavilion of Mohammad-Ali Mirza, mansions, bathhouses, mosques, and neighborhoods, with the bazaar and its parallel alleys shaping the city’s physical structure. By the end of the Qajar period, the city’s spatial organization had become complete, with significant buildings such as foreign consulates, hospitals, and military barracks established. In this period, the bazaar was roofed and, together with Toopkhaneh Square, reached its peak as the economic, social, and political center. Around it stood the royal palace, Meydan-e Mashq (parade ground), administrative buildings such as the telegraph office, customs house, trading chambers, the royal agent’s office, guardhouses, commercial and religious elements, all together forming a complete Iranian city center with unity and harmony. Therefore, Kermanshah in the Qajar period included diverse elements with different economic, political, cultural, and social functions within an organized system. These elements reflected the social, economic, cultural, religious, and political relations of their time, many of which have now changed or disappeared. The most prominent among them were Toopkhaneh Square, Meydan-e Mashq, the Divankhaneh mansion, the Naqqareh-khaneh, the royal palace, the Jameh Mosque, and the bazaar.