Volume 6, Issue 1 (Semi-Annual 2021)
CIAUJ 2021, 6(1): 139-155 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Ghaffari A, Mirgholami M, Shafaei B. The effects of spatial features on the Soundscapes of Khans of Tabriz Bazaar. CIAUJ 2021; 6 (1) :139-155
URL: http://ciauj-tabriziau.ir/article-1-246-en.html
URL: http://ciauj-tabriziau.ir/article-1-246-en.html
1- Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran , ghaffari@tabriziau.ac.ir
2- Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
2- Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract: (3185 Views)
There are numerous affecting indices on the quality of urban soundscape and sonic comfort is the most important among them. There are several components involved in the acoustic behavior of places, the most important of which are the form, materials and volume of the space. How these characteristics affect the acoustic behavior of the Sarâs of Tabriz Grand Bazaar and consequently its effect on the sonic comfort and quality of the soundscapes of these spaces is the issue that the present study addresses. The quality of the soundscape depends to a large extent on the sonic comfort, which is directly related to the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) of the space. Sonic comfort is directly related to the Sound Pressure Level as well as acoustic behavior of the area and intensive sound produced by the sound sources. Basic affecting components on the acoustic behavior of an area are: parametric features, form, and volume of the area. In this regard, the Sound Pressure Level as a basic component in this research in the studied spaces has been measured. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the mentioned indices are affecting acoustic behavior of Sarâs of Grand Bazaar of Tabriz as well as sonic comfort of the Sarâs. Three Sarâs with large, medium and small volume of Tabriz Bazaar Sarâs were selected as the case studies. These spaces are Middle Haj Hossein Sarâ with high volume, Old Haj Hossein Sarâ with medium volume and Mirza Mohammad Sarâ with low volume. Volume difference of the three khans is the same. Volume of small Sarâ is 6000 cubic meter smaller than that of the middle Sarâ; also, the large Sarâ is the same amount larger than that of the middle one. In each Sarâ, five points have been selected to measure the Sound Pressure Level. These five points are the four axial points and a central point that are designated as the focal points of the measurement. At each of the five points, one-minute shots were taken with an Acoustic Camera. One of the outputs of the acoustic camera is the Spectrum Diagram. This diagram shows the Sound Pressure Level by frequency. In addition to the spectrum diagram, the acoustic camera provides output Sound Pressure Level values by frequency in tabular form. Using the precise details of the Sound Pressure Level at each point of measurement, the average values of the Sound Pressure Level in the three modes of minimum, middle and maximum were calculated. The result of these mean values was then plotted for each Sarâ in the form of a graph. According to the comparative study of the diagram, it was concluded that although parametric indices were different acoustic behavior of the three Sarâs were the same. The acoustical behaviors of all three Sarâs of Mirza Mohammad, Middle and Old Haj Hossein have been to weaken the sound waves, especially the bass sounds. Also, all measured SPL values are in the range of human hearing and sonic comfort. In other words, the traditional architectural and urban design that has led to the creation of Tabriz Bazaar, in addition to paying attention to the visual and spatial components, is also effective in providing sonic comfort.
Keywords: Soundscape, AcousticalBehavior, Spatial Features, Sound Pressure Level (SPL), Middle Haj Hossein Sarâ, Old Haj Hossein Sarâ, Mirza Mohammad Sarâ, Bazaar of Tabriz.
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
Identifying the way of life based on the three components of the body, lifestyle and concepts - meanings
Received: 2020/07/30 | Accepted: 2020/12/22 | ePublished: 2021/09/21
Received: 2020/07/30 | Accepted: 2020/12/22 | ePublished: 2021/09/21
References
1. Ariza-Villaverde, A. B., Jiménez-Hornero, F. J., & De Ravé, E. G. 2014. Influence of urban morphology on total noise pollution: Multifractal description. Science of the Total Environment, 472, 1-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.091]
2. Badino, E., Manca, R., Shtrepi, L., Calleri, C., & Astolfi, A. 2019. Effect of façade shape and acoustic cladding on reduction of leisure noise levels in a street canyon. Building and Environment, 157, 242-256. [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.039]
3. Barr, D., & Buckley, B. 2011. Assessing Human Exposure to Environmental Toxicants. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00115-X]
4. Bouzir, T. A. K., & Zemmouri, N. 2017. Effect of urban morphology on road noise distribution. Energy Procedia, 119, 376-385. [DOI:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.121]
5. Brown, A. 2010. Soundscapes and environmental noise management. Noise Control Engineering Journal, 58(5), 493-500. [DOI:10.3397/1.3484178]
6. Brown, A. 2011. Advancing the concepts of soundscapes and soundscape planning. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society (Acoustics 2011).
7. Can, A., Fortin, N., & Picaut, J. 2015. Accounting for the effect of diffuse reflections and fittings within street canyons, on the sound propagation predicted by ray tracing codes. Applied Acoustics, 96, 83-93. [DOI:10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.03.013]
8. De la Prida, D., Pedrero, A., Navacerrada, M. Á., & Díaz, C. 2019. Relationship between the geometric profile of the city and the subjective perception of urban soundscapes. Applied Acoustics, 149, 74-84. [DOI:10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.01.025]
9. Farina, A. 2013. Soundscape ecology: principles, patterns, methods and applications: Springer. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-7374-5]
10. Hao, Y., & Kang, J. 2014. Influence of mesoscale urban morphology on the spatial noise attenuation of flyover aircrafts. Applied Acoustics, 84, 73-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.apacoust.2013.12.001]
11. Hao, Y., Kang, J., & Krijnders, J. D. 2015. Integrated effects of urban morphology on birdsong loudness and visibility of green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 137, 149-162. [DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.01.006]
12. Hong, J. Y., & Jeon, J. Y. 2017. Exploring spatial relationships among soundscape variables in urban areas: A spatial statistical modelling approach. Landscape and Urban Planning, 157, 352-364. [DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.08.006]
13. Hornikx, M. 2009 Numerical modelling of sound propagation to closed urban courtyards: Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden.
14. Hornikx, M. 2016. Ten questions concerning computational urban acoustics. Building and Environment, 106, 409-421. [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.06.028]
15. Liu, F., & Kang, J. 2018. Relationship between street scale and subjective assessment of audio-visual environment comfort based on 3D virtual reality and dual-channel acoustic tests. Building and Environment, 129, 35-45. [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.040]
16. Liu, J., Kang, J., Behm, H., & Luo, T. 2014a. Effects of landscape on soundscape perception: Soundwalks in city parks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 123, 30-40. [DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.003]
17. Liu, J., Kang, J., Behm, H., & Luo, T. 2014b. Landscape spatial pattern indices and soundscape perception in a multi-functional urban area, Germany. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 22(3), 208-218. [DOI:10.3846/16486897.2014.911181]
18. Long, M. 2005. Architectural acoustics: Elsevier.
19. Maculewicz, J., Erkut, C., & Serafin, S. 2016. How can soundscapes affect the preferred walking pace? Applied Acoustics, 114, 230-239. [DOI:10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.07.031]
20. Meng, Q., & Kang, J. 2016. Effect of sound-related activities on human behaviours and acoustic comfort in urban open spaces. Science of the Total Environment, 573, 481-493. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.130]
21. Morillas, J. B., Escobar, V. G., & Gozalo, G. R. 2013. Noise source analyses in the acoustical environment of the medieval centre of Cáceres (Spain). Applied Acoustics, 74(4), 526-534. [DOI:10.1016/j.apacoust.2012.10.001]
22. Raimbault, M., & Dubois, D. 2005. Urban soundscapes: Experiences and knowledge. Cities, 22(5), 339-350. [DOI:10.1016/j.cities.2005.05.003]
23. Salomons, E. M., & Pont, M. B. 2012. Urban traffic noise and the relation to urban density, form, and traffic elasticity. Landscape and Urban Planning, 108(1), 2-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.06.017]
24. Sanchez, G. M. E., Van Renterghem, T., Thomas, P., & Botteldooren, D. 2016. The effect of street canyon design on traffic noise exposure along roads. Building and Environment, 97, 96-110. [DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.11.033]
25. Schafer, R. M. 1993. The soundscape: Our sonic environment and the tuning of the world: Simon and Schuster.
26. Tang, S., Ho, C., & Tso, T. 2014. Insertion losses of balconies on a building facade and the underlying wave interactions. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(1), 213-225. [DOI:10.1121/1.4883379]
27. Tong, Y., Tang, S., & Yeung, M. 2011. Full scale model investigation on the acoustical protection of a balcony-like facade device (L). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 130(2), 673-676. [DOI:10.1121/1.3598430]
28. Wang, B., & Kang, J. 2011. Effects of urban morphology on the traffic noise distribution through noise mapping: A comparative study between UK and China. Applied Acoustics, 72(8), 556-568. [DOI:10.1016/j.apacoust.2011.01.011]
29. Yang, H.-S., Kang, J., & Kim, M.-J. 2017. An experimental study on the acoustic characteristics of outdoor spaces surrounded by multi-residential buildings. Applied Acoustics, 127, 147-159. [DOI:10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.05.037]
30. Zhang, X., Ba, M., Kang, J., & Meng, Q. 2018. Effect of soundscape dimensions on acoustic comfort in urban open public spaces. Applied Acoustics, 133, 73-81. [DOI:10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.11.024]
31. Zwicker, E., & Fastl, H. 2013. Psychoacoustics: Facts and models (Vol. 22): Springer Science & Business Media.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
