----------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
Volume 11, Issue 1 (Semi-Annual 2026)                   CIAUJ 2026, 11(1): 115-146 | Back to browse issues page


XML Persian Abstract Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Monadi A. (2026). Structural analysis of the role of cultural ecosystem services in tourists' perception of the recreational space of El-Goli, Tabriz, and its impact on their psychological and physical well-being. , CIAUJ. 11(1), 115-146. doi:10.66224/ciauj.11.1.661
URL: http://ciauj-tabriziau.ir/article-1-661-en.html
Department of Urban Engineering, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Sooreh International University, Tehran, Iran , aref_monadi@soore.ac.ir
Abstract:   (1125 Views)
Tourism plays a very important role in the global economy and contributes significantly to economic growth, cultural exchanges, environmental protection, and the promotion of tourists’ well-being. Tourists’ exposure to cultural ecosystem services (CES) during tourism activities can have a significant impact on their well-being. Therefore, understanding the relationship between cultural ecosystem services and tourists’ well-being is essential for achieving sustainable tourism development. This study analyzes cultural ecosystem services perceived by tourists and examines their impact on their well-being in El-Goli Park, Tabriz. The results obtained show that cultural ecosystem services have positive and diverse effects on various aspects of tourists’ well-being. In particular, categories such as recreation and ecotourism, aesthetic values, and social relations have played the most role in promoting the well-being of visitors to this park. Incorporating considerations related to tourist well-being in tourism planning and decision-making processes can play an effective role in guiding tourism development towards improving the quality of life of tourists and ensuring the sustainability of this industry.
Full-Text [PDF 2705 kb]   (435 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Original Article | Subject: Identifying the way of life based on the three components of the body, lifestyle and concepts - meanings
Received: 2025/09/10 | Accepted: 2026/01/25 | ePublished: 2026/06/28

References
1. Aburumman, O. J., Omar, K., Al Shbail, M., & Aldoghan, M. (2022, March). How to Deal with the Results of PLS-SEM. In International Conference on Business and Technology (pp. 1196-1206). Cham: Springer International Publishing. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-08954-1_101]
2. Baloch, Q. B., Shah, S. N., Iqbal, N., Sheeraz, M., Asadullah, M., Mahar, S., & Khan, A. U. (2023). Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: a suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 5917-5930. [DOI:10.1007/s11356-022-22496-w]
3. Breuste, J. (2020). "The benefit concept--How people can benefit from urban nature Breuste, J. Artmann, M., Ioja, C., Qureshi, S." In Making Green Cities:Concepts, Challenges and Practice (Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG 49-73). [DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-73089-5_3]
4. Buckley, R. (2020). Nature tourism and mental health: Parks, happiness, and causation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(9), 1409-1424. [DOI:10.1080/09669582.2020.1742725]
5. Bullock, C., Joyce, D., & Collier, M. (2018). An exploration of the relationships between cultural ecosystem services, socio-cultural values, and well-being. Ecosystem services, 31, 142-152. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.02.020]
6. Cai, Z., Fang, C., Zhang, Q., & Chen, F. (2021). Joint development of cultural heritage protection and tourism: the case of Mount Lushan cultural landscape heritage site. Heritage Science, 9(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00558-5 [DOI:10.1186/s40494-021-00613-1]
8. Chen, H., & Rahman, I. (2018). Cultural tourism: An analysis of engagement, cultural contact, memorable tourism experience and destination loyalty. Tourism management perspectives, 26, 153-163. [DOI:10.1016/j.tmp.2017.10.006]
9. Chen, X., & Li, J. (2023). Facilitating knowledge-driven economic and social development: The significance of demographic transformation in tourism villages in China. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1-29. [DOI:10.1007/s13132-023-01676-0]
10. Cheng, Z., & Chen, X. (2022). The effect of tourism experience on tourists' environmentally responsible behavior at cultural heritage sites: The mediating role of cultural attachment. Sustainability, 14(1), 565. [DOI:10.3390/su14010565]
11. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336. ISBN:9781410604385
12. Clissold, R., Westoby, R., McNamara, K. E., & Fleming, C. (2022). Wellbeing outcomes of nature tourism: Mt Barney Lodge. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(2), 100077. [DOI:10.1016/j.annale.2022.100077]
13. Coscieme, L. (2015). Cultural ecosystem services: The inspirational value of ecosystems in popular music. Ecosystem Services, 16, 121-124. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.10.024]
14. Costanza, R., de Groot, R., Braat, L., Kubiszewski, I., Fioramonti, L., Sutton, P., Farber, S., Grasso, M. (2017). Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosyst. Serv. 28, 1-16. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.09.008]
15. Dai, P., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Gong, Y., & Hou, H. (2019). Perceptions of cultural ecosystem services in urban parks based on social network data. Sustainability, 11(19), 5386. [DOI:10.3390/su11195386]
16. de Freitas Coelho, M., de Sevilha Gosling, M., & de Almeida, A. S. A. (2018). Tourism experiences: Core processes of memorable trips. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 37, 11-22. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.08.004]
17. Dur'an Vian, F., Pons Izquierdo, J.J., Serrano Martínez, M. (2021). River-city recreational interaction: A classification of urban riverfront parks and walks. Urban For. Urban Green. 59, 127042 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127042 [DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127042]
18. Edelheim, J. (2020). How should tourism education values be transformed after 2020?. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 547-554. [DOI:10.1080/14616688.2020.1760927]
19. Farshad, L., Zaghez, A., & Mehrdanesh, G. (2021). Assessing the quality of urban furniture and its role in the development of urban tourism (Case study: Zaribar Lake). Journal of Urban Development and Architecture-Environment Identity (JUDA-EI), 2(5), 36-48. doi: 10.22034/(jrupa-ei).2021.283661.1075
20. Ferguson, M. D., Robinson, T., Ferguson, L. A., Evensen, D., Schwartz, F., Gonyo, S., & Freitag, A. (2024). Cultivating commitment: how cultural ecosystem services affect visitor loyalty attitudes and intention-to-return in parks and protected areas. Ecosystems and People, 20(1), 2297560. [DOI:10.1080/26395916.2023.2297560]
21. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. [DOI:10.1177/002224378101800104]
22. Gabor, M. R., & Oltean, F. D. (2019). Babymoon tourism between emotional well-being service for medical tourism and niche tourism. Development and awareness on Romanian educated women. Tourism Management, 70, 170-175. [DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.006]
23. Gai, S., Fu, J., Rong, X., & Dai, L. (2022). Users' views on cultural ecosystem services of urban parks: An importance-performance analysis of a case in Beijing, China. Anthropocene, 37, 100323. [DOI:10.1016/j.ancene.2022.100323]
24. Gao, J., Kerstetter, D. L., Mowen, A. J., & Hickerson, B. (2018). Changes in tourists' perception of well-being based on their use of emotion regulation strategies during vacation. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(5), 567-582. [DOI:10.1080/10548408.2017.1374908]
25. Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: Using public space. Island press. [DOI:10.2307/jj.41003936]
26. Gordon, J. E. (2018). Geoheritage, geotourism and the cultural landscape: Enhancing the visitor experience and promoting geoconservation. Geosciences, 8(4), 136. [DOI:10.3390/geosciences8040136]
27. Grzyb, T. (2024). Mapping cultural ecosystem services of the urban riverscapes: the case of the Vistula River in Warsaw, Poland. Ecosystem Services, 65, 101584. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2023.101584]
28. Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., Ray, S., ... & Ray, S. (2021). An introduction to structural equation modeling. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: a workbook, 1-29. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_1]
29. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. [DOI:10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202]
30. Hartwell, H., Fyall, A., Willis, C., Page, S., Ladkin, A., & Hemingway, A. (2018). Progress in tourism and destination wellbeing research. Current issues in Tourism, 21(16), 1830-1892. [DOI:10.1080/13683500.2016.1223609]
31. Hegetschweiler, K. T., de Vries, S., Arnberger, A., Bell, S., Brennan, M., Siter, N., ... & Hunziker, M. (2017). Linking demand and supply factors in identifying cultural ecosystem services of urban green infrastructures: A review of European studies. Urban forestry & urban greening, 21, 48-59. [DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.11.002]
32. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In New challenges to international marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277-319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi: 10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014 [DOI:10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014]
33. Heshmati, M., Gheitury, M., & Shadfar, S. (2022). Factors affecting possibility of ecotourism development and sustaining natural resources using SWOT approach in west Iran. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 10(2), 173-183. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijgeop.2022.03.004]
34. Jepson, D., & Sharpley, R. (2018). More than sense of place? Exploring the emotional dimension of rural tourism experiences. In Rural Tourism (pp. 25-46). Routledge. [DOI:10.1080/09669582.2014.953543]
35. Kalinauskas, M., Bogdzevič, K., Gomes, E., Inácio, M., Barcelo, D., Zhao, W., & Pereira, P. (2023). Mapping and assessment of recreational cultural ecosystem services supply and demand in Vilnius (Lithuania). Science of the Total Environment, 855, 158590. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158590]
36. Khani, S., Rastkhadiv, A., & Abdollahi, A. (2023). Vandalism in Urban Parks; An analysis on demographic characteristics and the intention and behavior of Vandals in Marivan City. Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 14(2), 165-200. Doi: 10.61186/jspi.14.2.165 [DOI:10.61186/jspi.14.2.165]
37. Kicic, M., Haase, D., Marin, A.M., Vuleti'c, D., Krajter Ostoi'c, S., (2022). Perceptions of cultural ecosystem services of tree-based green infrastructure: A focus group participatory mapping in Zagreb, Croatia. Urban For. Urban Green. 78, 127767. [DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127767]
38. Kil, N., Stein, T. V., Holland, S. M., Kim, J. J., Kim, J., & Petitte, S. (2021). The role of place attachment in recreation experience and outcome preferences among forest bathers. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 35, 100410. [DOI:10.1016/j.jort.2021.100410]
39. Kim, B., & Kim, S. S. (2019). The effect of religious tourism experiences on personal values. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 7(2), 9. [DOI:10.21427/5gvy-hh90]
40. Kim, J. J., & Han, H. (2022). Redefining in-room amenities for hotel staycationers in the new era of tourism: A deep dive into guest well-being and intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 103168. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103168]
41. Kim, J. J., & Han, H. (2022). Saving the hotel industry: Strategic response to the COVID-19 pandemic, hotel selection, and wellness. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 63(3), 339-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103163 [DOI:10.1177/1938965520981071]
42. Kirschkamp, A. (2008). A Contingency-Based View of Chief Executive Officers' Early Warning Behavior. Gabler edition Wissenschaft. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-8350-5504-9]
43. Knobloch, U., Robertson, K., & Aitken, R. (2017). Experience, emotion, and eudaimonia: A consideration of tourist experiences and well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 56(5), 651-662. [DOI:10.1177/0047287516650937]
44. Kohsaka, R., & Rogel, M. (2021). Traditional and local knowledge for sustainable development: Empowering the indigenous and local communities of the world. In Partnerships for the Goals (pp. 1261-1273). Cham: Springer International Publishing. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-95963-4_17]
45. Layke, C. (2009). Measuring nature's benefits: a preliminary roadmap for improving ecosystem service indicators. World Resources Institute: Washington, 1-36.
46. Li, F., Guo, S., Li, D., Li, X., Li, J., & Xie, S. (2020). A multi-criteria spatial approach for mapping urban ecosystem services demand. Ecological Indicators, 112. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106119]
47. Li, W. Z., & Zhong, H. (2022). Development of a smart tourism integration model to preserve the cultural heritage of ancient villages in Northern Guangxi. Heritage Science, 10(1), 91. [DOI:10.1186/s40494-022-00724-3]
48. Liu, Z.H., Huang, Q.D., Yang, H.Y., (2021). Supply-demand spatial patterns of park cultural services in megalopolis area of Shenzhen, China. Ecol. Ind. 121. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107066]
49. Lonardi, S., & Unterpertinger, Y. (2022). The relevance of intangible cultural heritage and traditional languages for the tourism experience: The case of Ladin in South Tyrol. Sustainability, 14(5), 2729. [DOI:10.3390/su14052729]
50. Lonardi, S., & Unterpertinger, Y. (2022). The role of cultural heritage in promoting social inclusion and well-being. Sustainability, 14(3), 1-18. [DOI:10.3390/su14031524]
51. Magni, G. (2017). Indigenous knowledge and implications for the sustainable development agenda. European Journal of Education, 52(4), 437-447. [DOI:10.1111/ejed.12238]
52. Mao, Q., Hu, C., Guo, Q., Li, Y., & Liu, M. (2023). How Does Vegetation Landscape Structure of Urban Green Spaces Affect Cultural Ecosystem Services at Multiscale: Based on PLS-SEM Model. Forests, 14(7), 1401. [DOI:10.3390/f14071401]
53. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). (2003). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press. ISBN: 1-55963-403-0
54. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis. Island Press.
55. Mitra, A., & Lankford, S. (1999). "Research Methods in Park, Recreation, and Leisure Services. Illinois: Sagamore Publishing. ISBN: 1571670300
56. Moaven, Z. (2020). Therapy, spirituality, and spiritual well-being: A qualitative study of holy places tourists. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics, 7(1), 48-59. Doi: 10.29252/jhsme.7.1.48 [DOI:10.29252/jhsme.7.1.48]
57. Mocior, E., & Kruse, M. (2016). Educational values and services of ecosystems and landscapes-An overview. Ecological indicators, 60, 137-151. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.031]
58. Moyle, C. L., Moyle, B., & Burgers, H. (2020). Entrepreneurial strategies and tourism industry growth. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100708. [DOI:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100708]
59. Nopiyani, N. M. S., & Wirawan, I. M. A. (2021). The impact of tourism on the quality of life of communities in tourist destination areas: A systematic review. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(F), 129-136. [DOI:10.3889/oamjms.2021.5966]
60. Nowak-Olejnik, A., Schirpke, U., & Tappeiner, U. (2022). A systematic review on subjective well-being benefits associated with cultural ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services, 57, 101467. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2022.101467]
61. Orban, E., Sutcliffe, R., Dragano, N., Jöckel, K. H., & Moebus, S. (2017). Residential surrounding greenness, self-rated health, and interrelations with aspects of neighborhood environment and social relations. Journal of Urban Health, 94(2), 158-169. [DOI:10.1007/s11524-016-0112-3]
62. Peng, J., Strijker, D., & Wu, Q. (2020). Place identity: How far have we come in exploring its meanings?. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 503569. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00294]
63. Pope, E. (2018). Tourism and wellbeing: transforming people and places. International Journal of Spa and Wellness, 1(1), 69-81. [DOI:10.1080/24721735.2018.1438559]
64. Rall, E., Bieling, C., Zytynska, S. & Haase, D. )2017(. Exploring city-wide patterns of cultural ecosystem service perceptions and use. Ecological Indicators, 77, 80-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.02.001]
65. Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Weiler, B. (2013). Relationships between place attachment, place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviour in an Australian national park. Journal of Sustainable tourism, 21(3), 434-457. [DOI:10.1080/09669582.2012.708042]
66. Rezaei, F., Azizi, H., & Asahara, Y. (2022). Tectonic significance of the late Eocene (Bartonian) calc-alkaline granitoid body in the Marivan area, Zagros suture zone, northwest Iran. International Geology Review, 64(8), 1081-1096. [DOI:10.1080/00206814.2021.1907624]
67. Riechers, M., Barkmann, J., & Tscharntke, T. (2016). Perceptions of cultural ecosystem services from urban green. Ecosystem Services, 17, 33-39. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.007]
68. Román, C., Borja, A., Uyarra, M. C., & Pouso, S. (2022). Surfing the waves: Environmental and socio-economic aspects of surf tourism and recreation. Science of the Total Environment, 826, 154122. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154122]
69. Romanazzi, G. R., Koto, R., De Boni, A., Palmisano, G. O., Cioffi, M., & Roma, R. (2023). Cultural ecosystem services: A review of methods and tools for economic evaluation. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 100304. [DOI:10.1016/j.indic.2023.100304]
70. Sacco, P. L., & Ferilli, G. (2015). "Culture 3.0: A new perspective for the enhancement of cultural creativity." TeMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 8(3), 311-324.
71. Sacco, P. L., & Ferilli, G. (2015). System 3.0: A conceptual framework for the new cultural economy. In K. Oakley & J. O'Connor (Eds.), The Routledge companion to the cultural industries (pp. 520-530). Routledge.
72. Shi, Q., Chen, H., Liang, X., Zhang, H., & Liu, D. (2020). Cultural ecosystem services valuation and its multilevel drivers: A case study of Gaoqu Township in Shaanxi Province, China. Ecosystem services, 41, 101052. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.101052]
73. Sirgy, M. (2019). Promoting quality-of-life and well-being research in hospitality and tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(1), 1-13. [DOI:10.1080/10548408.2018.1526757]
74. Spalie, N., Tahir, M., & Ani, C. (2011). Reconstructing sustainable outdoor learning environment in Malaysia from the understanding of natural school design and approaches in Indonesia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3310-3315. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.291]
75. Stepniewska, M., Sobczak, U. (2017). Assessing the synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services provided by urban floodplains: The case of the Warta River Valley in Pozna'n, Poland. Land Use Policy 69, 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.026 [DOI:10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.026]
76. Svіtlichna, V., Tonkoshkur, M., Cirella, G. T., Radionova, L., Yatsiuk, M., & Uhodnikova, O. (2024). Sustainable Ecotourism Development: Integrating Public Marketing, Community Engagement, and Environmental Stewardship in Ukraine. In Handbook on Post-War Reconstruction and Development Economics of Ukraine: Catalyzing Progress (pp. 271-291). Cham: Springer International Publishing. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-48735-4_16]
77. Taghilo, A. A., Asghari, S., Soltani, N., & Aftab, A. (2018). Analysis and Evaluation of Geotouristic Potentials of Zarivar Lake. Geography and Environmental Planning, 28(4), 17-32. DOI: 10.22108/gep.2017.98276.0
78. Tavakoli, R., & Wijesinghe, S. N. (2019). The evolution of the web and netnography in tourism: A systematic review. Tourism management perspectives, 29, 48-55. [DOI:10.1016/j.tmp.2018.10.008]
79. Tayebnia, S. H. (2020). Evaluation of Tourist Satisfaction and Analysis of Factors Affecting Their Satisfaction in West Frontier Cities of Iran (Case Study: Marivan City, Kurdistan Province). Geographical Journal of Tourism Space, 9(36), 1-18. https://sid.ir/paper/397177/en
80. Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y. M., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Computational statistics & data analysis, 48(1), 159-205. [DOI:10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005]
81. Tengberg, A., Fredholm, S., Eliasson, I., Knez, I., Saltzman, K., & Wetterberg, O. (2012). Cultural ecosystem services provided by landscapes: Assessment of heritage values and identity. Ecosystem Services, 2, 14-26. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.006. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.006]
82. Tian, T., Sun, L., Peng, S., Sun, F., & Che, Y. (2021). Understanding the process from perception to cultural ecosystem services assessment by comparing valuation methods. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 57, 126945. [DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126945]
83. Tribe, J., & Liburd, J. J. (2016). The tourism knowledge system. Annals of tourism research, 57, 44-61. [DOI:10.1016/j.annals.2015.11.011]
84. Vada, S., Prentice, C., & Hsiao, A. (2019). The influence of tourism experience and well-being on place attachment. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 47, 322-330. [DOI:10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.12.007]
85. Vert, C., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Zijlema, W., Espinosa, A., Cano-Riu, L., Elliott, L.R., Litt, J., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Gascon, M. (2019). Impact of a riverside accessibility intervention on use, physical activity, and wellbeing: A mixed methods pre-post evaluation. Landsc. Urban Plan. 190, 103611 [DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103611]
86. Waechter, L. S., Luza, A. L., Eggertsen, L., Quimbayo, J. P., Hanazaki, N., Pinheiro, H. T., ... & Bender, M. G. (2023). The aesthetic value of Brazilian reefs: from species to seascape. Ocean & Coastal Management, 106882. [DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106882]
87. Walker, K., & Moscardo, G. (2019). Moving beyond sense of place to care of place: The role of Indigenous values and interpretation in promoting transformative change in tourists' place images and personal values. In Sustainable Tourism and Indigenous Peoples (pp. 177-195). Routledge. [DOI:10.1080/09669582.2016.1177064]
88. Wang, C., Liu, J., Wei, L., & Zhang, T. (2020a). Impact of tourist experience on memorability and authenticity: a study of creative tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 37(1), 48-63. [DOI:10.1080/10548408.2020.1711846]
89. Wang, H., Dai, X., & Wu, J. (2022). Influence of urban green space on the mental health of residents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8567. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph19148567]
90. Wang, J., Luo, Q., Huang, S. S., & Yang, R. (2020b). Restoration in the exhausted body? Tourists on the rugged path of pilgrimage: Motives, experiences, and benefits. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 15, 100407. [DOI:10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100407]
91. Wang, R., Yang, B., Yao, Y., Bloom, M. S., Feng, Z., Yuan, Y., ... & Dong, G. H. (2022). Residential greenness, air pollution and psychological well-being among urban residents in Guangzhou, China. Science of the Total Environment, 811, 152219.
92. Wang, Y., Shi, X., Cheng, K., Zhang, J., & Chang, Q. (2022). How do urban park features affect cultural ecosystem services: Quantified evidence for design practices. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 76, 127713. [DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127713]
93. Wetzels, M., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Van Oppen, C. (2009). Using PLS path modeling for assessing hierarchical construct models: Guidelines and empirical illustration. MIS quarterly, 177-195. [DOI:10.2307/20650284]
94. White, M. P., Alcock, I., Grellier, J., Wheeler, B. W., Hartig, T., Warber, S. L., ... & Fleming, L. E. (2019). Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-11. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-44097-3]
95. White, M., Smith, A., Humphryes, K., Pahl, S., Snelling, D., Depledge, M., )2010(. Blue space: The importance of water for preference, affect, and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes. J. Environ. Psychol. 30 (4), 482-493. [DOI:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.004]
96. Xin, C., Luyuan, L., & Pieter, U. (2020). Taking "social relations" as a cultural ecosystem service: A triangulation approach. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 55, 126790. [DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126790]
97. Zhang, K., Tang, X., Zhao, Y., Huang, B., Huang, L., Liu, M., ... & Wan, J. (2022). Differing perceptions of the youth and the elderly regarding cultural ecosystem services in urban parks: An exploration of the tour experience. Science of The Total Environment, 821, 153388. [DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153388]
98. Zhou, L., Guan, D., Huang, X., Yuan, X., & Zhang, M. (2020). Evaluation of the cultural ecosystem services of wetland park. Ecological Indicators, 114, 106286. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106286]
99. Zoderer, B.M., Lupo Stanghellini, P.S., Tasser, E., Walde, J., Wieser, H., Tappeiner, U., (2016). Exploring socio-cultural values of ecosystem service categories: the influence of socio-demographic factors and landscape type. Reg. Environ. Change, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0922-y [DOI:10.1007/s10113-015-0922-y]

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2026 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Culture of Islamic Architecture and Urbanism Journal

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb